Definition
Thromboprophylaxis refers to all measures for preventing a venous thromboembolism (VTE). What is meant is preventing the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins — and thereby also the feared pulmonary embolism, which arises when a clot detaches and travels to the lungs.
Why thromboses develop — the Virchow triad
Three factors favour the development of a thrombosis. Since the 19th century they have been summarised as the Virchow triad:
- Stasis — a slowed venous blood flow, for example due to immobility.
- Hypercoagulability — an increased tendency of the blood to clot.
- Endothelial injury — damage to the inner vessel wall.
The more of these factors come together — for example after an operation or during prolonged bed rest — the higher the risk.
DVT and VTE — the terms
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the clot itself, usually in the leg or pelvic veins. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the overarching term and includes pulmonary embolism. Thromboprophylaxis targets both.
The measures
Depending on the risk profile, three groups of measures are used:
- Basic measures — early mobilisation, movement exercises.
- Pharmacological prophylaxis — anticoagulant agents.
- Mechanical prophylaxis — medical thromboprophylaxis stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC).
Which measure or combination is suitable depends on the S3 guideline on VTE prophylaxis (AWMF 003-001) and the medical assessment. You will find a more in-depth comparison of the methods in our article on mechanical vs. pharmacological.
Frequently asked questions
What does thromboprophylaxis mean?
Thromboprophylaxis comprises all measures that prevent the development of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) — that is, a deep vein thrombosis and a pulmonary embolism that may follow from it. This includes basic measures, pharmacological and mechanical methods.
What is the Virchow triad?
The Virchow triad describes the three main factors in the development of thrombosis: slowed blood flow (stasis), increased tendency to clot (hypercoagulability) and damage to the inner vessel wall (endothelial injury).
What is the difference between DVT and VTE?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the umbrella term and comprises both DVT and pulmonary embolism.